In Class Crime Scene

Exhibit

1.       Unknown women killed from slit from the throat

                                                               i.      Wearing black, blood stained shirt

                                                             ii.      Orange hair

                                                            iii.      Caucasian female



Exhibit 1



2.       Type ‘O’ bloodstain

Exhibit 2

3.       Tented Arch fingerprint-belongs to Candi Stores

4/5.       Cup with little liquid in the bottom with a lipstick stain on the side

                                                               i.      Lipstick stain is on the edge

                                                             ii.      Mixed drink contains no drugs or poison

6.       Cotton Fiber

                                                               i.      Possible fiber from clothing

7.       Note with Ginger Snaps’ handwriting: “Please help me!”

a.       Note with Candi Stores’ handwriting: “ I needed the money”

8.       Black Nylon thread

                                                               i.      Possible fiber from clothing

9.       Gold Chain

                                                               i.      Likely to be fake

                                                             ii.      No DNA found on it

Exhibit 9

10.   Double Loop Print belonging to Ginger Snaps

11.   Print found on glass

Scenario

Candi is an adult entertainer (stripper) with past drug convictions and has hired Ginger Snaps, a bartender at the club, to sell drugs for her at the counter of the bar. Ginger sells drugs at the counter of the bar while Candi does her thing on stage. Recently Ginger has been coming up short with the money and Candi has been getting frustrated with the fact that Ginger isn’t selling as much as she would like and when Ginger doesn’t pay Candi one night, Candi gets mad. Candi leaves Ginger a note (exhibit 7.a) stating, ‘I needed the money’. Ginger receives the note and on the night of the murder, after the bar is empty, Candi has a drink with Ginger (exhibit 4&5 cup with Candi’s lipstick) discussing the situation (exhibit 3&10 proves that they were at the bar together). Ginger decides to give Candi a necklace (exhibit 9) as a sort of compensation for falling up short on drug money. Candi realizes that the necklace was a fake and an altercation erupts between the women (fibers in exhibit 6&8). During the altercation a note fell from Ginger’s pocket (exhibit 7) stating ‘Please help me!’. Candi then kills Ginger and leaves the body bleeding out at the scene (exhibit 1&2). The owner of the club then unlocks the building the next morning leaving his fingerprint on the glass (exhibit 11) and discovers the murder.



Candi Stores



Ginger Snaps

In Class Expirements

In order to understand the jobs and environments that forensics analysts encounter, in class we simulated the crime scenes that they may encounter by doing mini labs in groups. 

Fingerprinting 

My Thumb Print

In this lab, we each gathered skin oils onto our thumbs and pressed it down on the table. Fingers always have oil on them and the reason why we gathered more oil was to make the print more visible; the reason we used our thumb was that it would lay down the largest print. After laying down the print, we used cornstarch and brushed it onto the area where we laid the print and the print soon became visible. Following that, we used a light colored tape, lifted the print, and placed it on black paper, which contrasted against the white colored cornstarch. This lab was productive in the fact that it should us an alternative way of gathering and lighting fingerprints from a crime scene if the normal powders are unavailable.    

Hair and Fiber

For this lab, we were required to examine various fibers that a commonly seen today not only at a crime scene but also in everyday life. We first were given sample of African-American hair, Asian hair, cat hair, cotton, dog hair, dyed hair, nylon, silk, synthetic hair, and wool. We then placed the samples under microscope and examined the various properties with each hair and whom they differ from the other hair and fibers. We then created a chart, recorded the characteristics of each sample, and drew a picture of the samples. With this lab, we were able to identify various her samples and their properties that persist with them.


Hairs we tested




Hairs we tested



Lipstick
In this activity, all (including the boys) the students were required to apply lipstick and examine the properties of lips. In order to examine the properties we all acquired and applied lipstick and pressed our lips on individual note cards. Then after pressing our lips on the cars, we examined our lips and recorded different properties that were visible on our lips. Then later we (all the group members) pressed our lips on a sheet of paper and allowed another group to compare those to the ones on the note card and match them together. This lab exemplified the use of looking at the characteristics of things left behind at a crime scene (in this case lips) and observing and recording them in order to find the criminal.

Witness Experiment

For this activity, we tested our ability to remember faces like a witness who witnessed a crime would. We were told to gather faces from magazines and cut out the features such as the nose, eyes, lips, chin, and forehead. Once all the features were out, the face were regenerated and the group member was to remember the face constructed. After 10 seconds, the face were to be jumbled up with other features that had been cut out of magazines and with only the use of their memory, the group member then reconstructed the original face and if it were wrong, they would retry construction. With this lab, we recognized the skill it takes in order to remember and regenerate faces in similar ways that witnesses do in order to provide a description of a criminal.    

Creating a Profile
In this lab, we used all the techniques that we used in the fingerprinting lab, hair and fiber lab, and handwriting lab in order to generate a profile of a possible suspect in a crime. Each group was given 5 similar clues (one set of fingerprints, 2 hair or fiber samples, a torn note, and a red smudge on a piece of paper) and we told to analyze each clue. The first clue was a set of fingerprints and a group member was told to analyze the prints and determine which hand they came from. After analyzing the prints, we concluded the type of prints they were and that they were from a right hand. the second clue was a  hair or fiber that we analyzed and concluded that it was a sample of colored hair. The third was a torn note that we reconstructed and realized that it stated, “You will never find her.” The fourth clue was another hair or fiber sample that we analyzed to be a sample of African-American hair. Finally the fifth sample was a red stain that could have either been made from lipstick, blood, or any other red substance (further testing is needed to determine the stain). We could then build a profile using the clues that were given and analyzed to conclude that:

·         Two people, a African-American and a person with colored treated hair (or one African-American with colored treated hair)

·         The person could be losing blood (assuming blood was the stain)

·         Right hand consists of 2 whorls, 2 tented arches, and an unknown thumb

This lab required us to use problem-solving skills and to analyzed and make educated assumptions about the suspect or victim based off the analyzed clues that were given.





Clue 1

 



                                       

Clue 2



Clue 3

Clue 4

Clue 5

Footprint Analysis

In this activity, we were required to leave a footprint impression in the soil provided and observe the characteristics of the impression. Similar to a actual forensics analysts, we recorded weather information, time, date, location, and direction of the footprint. Then we recorded properties of the print such as the length and width of the shoe impression that was left. All visible characteristics such as the ridges left in the soil were pictured and recorded for analysis. We were soon able to determine the gender and size of the person leaving the print. Males generally leave a deeper print because of their size and a larger print because they usually have larger feet unlike women. With this lab we were able to see and apply the techniques used by analysts in recording and determining the suspect by their foot impression that they could have left at a crime scene.  

Drug Analysis

For this lab, we were given various simulated drug sample that resembled real drugs and were required to properly identify and label them according to the test. First, we were given the “drugs” and were told to dilute them to the point where the substance was mostly dissolved in the mixture. Then we took a small sample of the dilute, tested it with ph paper, and recorded the ph and the color that it displayed. Then we used both LSD and Cocaine reagent that would display a color if the substance were positive for the reagent. For example, the Cocaine reagent would turn blue if the mixture was positive for Cocaine and would remain colorless if it was negative. With the LSD, the mixture would turn yellow if the presences of LSD were apparent. We tested six substances and three were positive of Cocaine while the other three were positive for LSD. This lab provided us with the knowledge needed to understand how to test and verify substances as being positive or negative for drugs.

In the Process of Diluting Substance

Pouring Sample of Diluted Mixture into Test Plate

Poison Lab

For this activity, different stations were set up that held a variety of poisons. At each station, there were three different samples of potential poisons that we (the group) had to identify by using various methods such as pH testing and reagent testing. Ammonia, aspirin, cyanide, iodine, and metal poison are various poisons that we were to identify in the lab. With this lab, we were able to partake in and understand various methods that forensics analysts use in the field. We were also able to use the methods learned in our lab in the crime scene activity done in class.

History of Handwriting Analysis

 In criminal cases the use of handwriting evidence can be used to determine someone’s innocence or guilt; whether it is a suicide note or a check, handwriting can be used to determine the identity of the author and it can be used to provide insight on a case. The history of handwriting dates back to 1622 where an Italian professor of philosophy at the University of Bologna published a book describing characteristics in handwriting. Later in1870 a French scholar named Abbe Jean Michon, created the term "graphology" which means the study of different letterforms used by writers. Michon soon published a book that analyzed the penmanship that writers used when writing. Following his book publication, graphology became studied across Europe and in 1895 over 2,200 researchers had published books on the subject. Then in 1910 a shorthand teacher, Milton Newman Bunker, studied his handwriting and soon discovered a correlation between writing and personal traits. Bunker published his findings and  later created an organization named International Graphoanalysis Society, which is still in use today for the study graphology.


Abbe Jean Michon



Milton Newman Bunker's Book

12 Handwriting Characteristics

12 Handwriting Characteristics

1.      Line quality- How dark/thick or light/thin the lines are

2.      Spacing of words and letters- How far away are words and letters written

3.      Ratio of the relative height, width and size of letters- Are there any letters that are always bigger/smaller than the rest

4.      Pen lifts and separations- Does the people always stop to form new letters

5.      Connecting strokes- Are letters or words connected

6.      Beginning and ending strokes- Do the stokes go up or down; do they start straight and gradually get loopy 

7.      Unusual letter formation- Does this person use a capital letter at the beginning of every word

8.      Shading or pen pressure- Does the person press down hard when they write

9.      Slant- Is there a slant to the person's writing

10.  Baseline habits- Does their writing begin at the top or below the line

11.  Flourishes and embellishments- Does the person use fancy curves when they write

12.  Diacritic placement- How are the’t’s crossed, on bottom or on top; how are the 'i's dotted, open or closed    

Handwriting Analysis Template

In handwriting forgery there are two main types or ways of forging someone handwriting, free handing and tracing. With free handing, the forger spends time learning and practicing the signature. They begin to develop the signature and soon their replication becomes if not the same but also similar to the signature they are trying replicate. However, the other method is tracing and that involves less learning and skill because the forger is just merely writing over the original print. Unlike the learning aspect of free handing, tracing is a flawed method because handwriting characteristics such as line quality, words spacing, and slant are more noticeably different because of the forger’s persistence on getting it exactly the same as the original. With free hand, the forger has learned and practiced the signature and its second nature to them. Overall, free handing is a better method than tracing due to the learning that is involved with free handing.

Check Forgery Activity

One of the forensics activities done in class was an lab involving handwriting. Blank checks were printed for each student to fill out and sign under their alias. Each person was to fill out the check as if they normally would, then rip the checks into pieces, and place them separately into an envelope provided. The envelopes were given anonymously between each member and the checks were reconstructed. The handwriting on the checks identified the group member who wrote the check by comparing the known characteristics over each member to the characteristics seen on each check. Characteristics such as slant, spacing of words, and connecting strokes were all factors in indentifying the group member who created the check.

Reconstruction of the Check

Famous Forgery Cases -Mussolini Diaries

In 1957 a mother and daughter team (Amalia, 54, and Rosa Panvini, 86,) were able to produce thirty volumes of what they claimed to be the diaries of former Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini. An expert analyzed the diaries and figured that since such a great number entries they were real. The forgeries were so convincing, the dictator’s son (Virrorio) believed that the diaries were real. Eight years later the diaries were bought by the Sunday Times for $150,000 and were soon declared a fake and the women were arrested and tried.

Italian dictator Benito Mussolini

History of Hair Fiber Anaylsis

Being one of the first aspects of forensic science hair and fiber analysts has evolved since it first published in a French report in 1857 to its predominate use today in solving crimes today. As the years progressed into the 1900’s microscopes began to become better, which allowed the fibers to be better analyzed, which then allowed it to be used as evidence in court cases. Many began to record their findings about their analysis and in 1931, Professor John Glaister published “Hairs of Mammalia from the Medico-legal Aspect,” which became for the hair annalists information it contained. Similar to the in 1977, John Hick’s "Microscopy of Hairs: A Practical Guide and Manual" provided information about the use of hair evidence by a forensic examiner.

Common Fiber Used Today

Fibers fall into, natural and synthetic in two categories. Natural fibers are similar to hair and are naturally made. Examples such as wool and cotton are natural fingers. Synthetic fibers are man-made meaning they are a combination of more than one fiber forming materials into holes in order to create the fiber. Examples such as nylon, silk, and polyester are synthetic fibers.

·         Cotton

·         Nylon

·         Silk

·         Polyester

·         Wool



Cotton

Cotton Fiber













Polyester



Polyester Fiber



Techniques for Collecting Hair/Fiber

Gather hair and fiber samples at the scene of a crime vary on the size of the fiber into evidence. If the fiber is large then the investigators will use their fingers, gloves worn of course, to pick up the fiber. However if the fiber is smaller, tweezers maybe used to capture the hairs. After the fibers are gathered, they are put into separate bagging, sent to the laboratories, and tested for their identity.   

Reliability of Hair/Fiber Crime Scene Data

Contamination of a crime scene is very likely to happen if investigators aren’t informed at once. If a crime is committed in an outside terrain, then it is subject to animal hair contamination and that could interfere with the data gathering in such the investigators may gather and analyze animal hair, which is a waste of time, money, and resources. However, if a scene isn’t contaminated then the fiber evidence recovered at the scene is reliable as far as matching the unknown fiber to a known type of fiber.

Research Any Notable or Famous Case Where Hair/Fibers Were Used to Convict or Exonerate A Suspect

One of the most famous cases and first cases that utilize hair or fiber analysis was the Atlanta Child Murders case involving Wayne Williams in 1979-1981. Victims were found in rivers in the Atlanta area all wrapped in shower curtains, which held several fibers from the attacker. After a long police stakeout, the police finally caught Wayne Williams and charged him with the murder of the victims. The police raided his house and found fibers consistent with the ones found on victims. After several tests, Wayne Williams was tried and found guilty of the murders based solely off the use fiber analysis.

Wayne Williams

History of Fingerprinting

Through history, fingerprints have been used as identification in many different societies. From fingerprints left in clay for business transactions in ancient Babylonian to child identification in China. It was not until the mid 1800s when an Englishman named Sir William Hersche was working in India and in order to reduce crime, he began to record his residences fingerprints whenever they signed business documents.

Example of what the fingerprints might have looked like if they were left in clay



 

In the 1870's, Dr. Henry Faulds began to study “skin-furrows” and in that study, he recognized the importance of fingerprints as a means of indentifying someone. Hegave a detailed report of his findings to Charles Darwin who then forwarded it on to his cousin, Francis Galton who began observing the use of fingerprints as identification in the 1880's and published a book about it in 1892 discussing his observations about fingerprints and how they differ from person to person. The odds of two individuals having the same print were about 1 in 64 billion. 

Dr. Henry Faulds

Francis Galton

 

Fingerprinting finally began to spread worldwide in the 1890's and in 1891, an Argentine police official began criminal fingerprinting. In England and Wales, the use of fingerprints for criminal identification in 1901. The U.S. Army in 1905 started fingerprinting their personal for identification and in 1918; Edmond Locard discovered that if there were 12 similar points on top fingerprints, that they were identical. At the time, fingerprint files had to be processed by hand and trying to find a identical print would take weeks but in the mid 1960's police departments saved their fingerprints on to computers systems that could process 600,000 a second.



12 Points in the Fingerprint







Types of Fingerprints

There are three main types of fingerprints: visible prints, latent prints, and impressed prints

 Direct Prints

Also called visible prints and patent prints, direct prints are left in substances such blood or any other substance that could hold the shape. They can be created when oils on the finger come into contact with a smooth surface and leave a friction ridge impression that is visible without any altering. Usually the prints are photographed because they are already visible enough without alterations. 



Example of dircet fingerprint, a fingerprint left in blood



Latent Prints

These prints are not visible to the naked eye; they are formed when sweat sebaceous glands on the body or water, salt, or oils in the sweat. They create prints the must be developed before they can be seen or photographed. They then can be made visible by dusting, fuming or chemical reagents.

A way of revealing latent fingerprint is dusting for them

Plastic Prints

Also called impressed prints, plastic prints are indentations left in soft pliable surfaces, such as clay, wax, paint or other surfaces that can take an impression. They can  be viewed or photographed without development.

An example of a plastic fingerprint; its left on a soft foam and the print can be seen

Basic Shapes/Patterns of Fingerprints

There are three main types of fingerprints arch, loop, and whorl

3 Main Types of Fingerprints

Whorl

Arch

The least common pattern out of the three main patterns, an arch or wave starts on one side of the finger and exist horizontally to the entry point. Towards the center of the of the finger the ridge starts to rise upward and then lowers as it exists the finger. There are two variations of arches, plain arches and tinted arches. Both are similar except the tented arch’s ridge rises higher.

Arch Fingerprint

Loop

Unlike arches, loops are the most common type of print where the ridge start on one side of the finger and exists on the same side. There are two variations of loop prints, ulnar loops (right slant) and radial loops (left slant). In an ulnar loops, the loops flow in the direction of the pinky finger loops. In radial loops the loops flow in the direction of the thumb’s loops.

Loop Fingerprint

Whorl

Whorls are another commonly seen print where the ridges form a complete circuit, which can be spiral, oval, or any, or variations of circles. There are four variations of the whorl, plain, central pocket, accidental, and double loop. Plain whorls are in shape variations of circles. Central pocket whorls consist of one or more re-curving ridges with two deltas between which an imaginary line would cut or touch no re-curving ridge within the pattern flow. In accidental whorls, the pattern consists of two or more deltas with a combination of two or more patterns except plain arch. In a double loop whorl, there are two separate loops entering and exiting on opposite sides.

Whorl Fingerprint



All Types of Fingerprints



Techniques Used to Develop\ Fingerprints and Procedure for Collecting Them

            Fingerprints can be left off of two types of surfaces: Non-Porous and Porous

Non- Porous

Prints left on non-porous surfaces such as glass, mirrors, plastic surfaces, and paint. In order to recover those prints the use of dusting is required.

Dusting- Area of the print is lightly dusted with a colored powder depending on the background. The dust is lifted with tape and set against a contrasting background.

Black dust: White Surfaces

Grey Dust: Dark Surfaces

Fluorescent Dust: Multi-Colored Surfaces

Magnetic Dust: Leather or Rough Surfaces

Porous

Prints left on fiber-like surfaces such as paper, money, and cloth are called porous. In order to recover those prints the use of chemicals is necessary. The various chemical methods of recovering fingerprints are Iodine Fuming, Ninhydrin, Silver Nitrate, and Super Glue Fuming.

Iodine Fuming—Material is placed in an enclosed cabinet along with iodine crystals. The crystals will heat up and will soon turn into gas vapor. The vapor would then cause the prints to appear.   

Ninhydrin- the chemical is sprayed on the surface of the material via an aerosol can. After an hour or two, the prints begin to become visual, however the process can be accelerated if the prints are heated up after application.

Silver Nitrate-Last resort when both Iodine Fuming and Silver Nitrate are unsuccessful. The silver nitrate is sprayed on the surface of the material and is left to dry. Then it is exposed to ultraviolet light, which exposes the prints.

Super Glue Fuming (also used on non-porous materials)-Glue is placed on cotton and treated with sodium hydroxide. Fumes are then created by heating the cotton; the fumes and object are placed inside a heated chamber for up to six hours and the fumes adhere to the print, exposing it.

Example of a fuming chamber